Definition of Computers
History of Computers
Generations of Computers
Characteristics of Computer
Types of Computers
Architecture of a Computer System
What is BIOS (basic input/output system)?
Input
Output
Computer Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Motherboard
Memory Units
Hardware
Software
Languages & Packages
| Generations of Computers 1. 1940 – 1956:First Generation – Vacuum Tubes 2. 1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors 3. 1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits 4. 1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors 5. 2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence |
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A generation of computers refers to the specific improvements in computer technology with time. In 1946, electronic pathways called circuits were developed to perform the counting. It replaced the gears and other mechanical parts used for counting in previous computing machines.
In each new generation, the circuits became smaller and more advanced than the previous generation circuits. The miniaturization helped increase the speed, memory and power of computers. There are five generations of computers which are given below.
1. 1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
The first generation (1940-1956) computers were slow, huge and expensive. In these computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. These computers were mainly depended on batch operating system and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices in this generation.
Some of the popular first-generation computers are;
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
- UNIVACI (Universal Automatic Computer)
- IBM-701
- IBM-650
2. 1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors
The second generation (1956-1963) was the era of the transistor computers. These computers used transistors which were cheap, compact and consuming less power; it made transistor computers faster than the first-generation computers.
In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic disc and tapes were used as the secondary storage. Assembly language and programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers.
Some of the popular second-generation computers are;
- IBM 1620
- IBM 7094
- CDC 1604
- CDC 3600
- UNIVAC 1108
3. 1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
The third-generation (1964-1971) computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A single IC can pack huge number of transistors which increased the power of a computer and reduced the cost. The computers also became more reliable, efficient and smaller in size. These generation computers used remote processing, time-sharing, multi programming as operating system. Also, the high-level programming languages like FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this generation.
Some of the popular third generation computers are;
- IBM-360 series
- Honeywell-6000 series
- PDP (Personal Data Processor)
- IBM-370/168
- TDC-316
4. 1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
The fourth generation (1972-2010) computers used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits; a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements. These chips made this generation computers more compact, powerful, fast and affordable. These generation computers used real time, time sharing and distributed operating system. The programming languages like C, C++, DBASE were also used in this generation.
Some of the popular fourth generation computers are;
- DEC 10
- STAR 1000
- PDP 11
- CRAY-1(Super Computer)
- CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
5. 2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
In fifth generation (2010-till date) computers, the VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration). It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components. This generation computers used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.
Some of the popular fifth generation computers are;
- Desktop
- Laptop
- NoteBook
- UltraBook
- ChromeBook